Portraits
Rules: Viewpoint, rule of thirds
The photo is taken from a lower angle which makes it a bit more unique. The players are also a bit off center rather than dead center.
Lighting: Mix - The primary lighting was from the sun diffused by the clouds. There were probably some flashes used though, to get some dramatic shadows casted on the players. The dull background with the strong shadows help enhance the photos "tough" mood.
To get this photo the photographer had to test out the flash to get the exposure right on the guys while also exposing the background correctly.
Photojournalism
Rules: Patterns, simplicity
The cracks in the ground form a pattern through the entire photo. The ground is the only other thing in the photo besides the guy though, so it maintains simplicity.
Lighting: Natural - The lighting is very soft, there aren't really any harsh shadows. You can see a light shadow though, which was probably from the sun on a cloudy day. The soft lighting really helped the photo, if the man had harsh shadows behind him it'd be distracting.
To get this photo the photographer had to get at an angle where the sky wasn't showing so that he could get the repetition from the cracks in the ground. He also had to time it right so that the guy was in the center.
Photojournalism
Rules: Viewpoint, simplicity
The photo is taken from an aerial viewpoint which makes it interesting. The sea underneath the boat makes for a clean, simple background.
Lighting: Natural - There probably wasn't any way to light this scene artificially. Also, there wouldn't really be a need for it anyway. The even natural lighting helped the colors pop more.
To get this photo the photographer had to get an aerial view and zoom just enough so that the frame is really tight around the ship.
Photojournalism
Rules: Leading lines, framing
The fencing forms lines that frame the main focus of the photo, the doctor.
Lighting: Natural - The lighting is very soft which isn't typical from artificial lighting. You can also see very soft shadows which means it was probably a cloudy day. The dull lighting helps add to the somber mood of the photo.
To get this photo the photographer had to be aware of everything that was going on. Once he saw this man he had to find the composition he wanted and take the photo. Besides the technical aspects, he was in a pretty dangerous place considering people around him were getting Ebola.
Cityscape
Rules: Lines, viewpoint
The buildings are taken from a high elevation which makes stand out more from the typical cityscape. The lines from the building the man is standing on lead your focus to the buildings.
Lighting: Artificial - You can see all the lights from the buildings lighting up the scene. Also, the man in the photo isn't lit at all so it was probably dark out. The lighting pretty much made the photo, without them it'd be a boring photo of buildings.
To get this photo the photographer had to first get to the interesting vantage point he was at and take a long exposure to get the lights from the buildings to light the scene.
Wildlife
Rules: Rule of thirds, viewpoint, simplicity, framing
The fish/reptile thing is in the bottom left quadrant. The photo was taken halfway in the water which provides an interesting perspective. The bottom half of the photo is clean and simple, which helps bring attention to the lizard. The rock formation helps create a frame for the sky and the rest of the scene.
Lighting: Mix - The photo was probably exposed for the sky while the reptile was lit using a flash under the water. Not sure though, this situation looks tricky to expose properly. The split lighting on the photo makes it much more interesting.
To get this photo the photographer had to get his camera partly submerged in the water to get the effect he did. In terms of exposure, it looks like he exposed for the sky and might've used a flash underwater to expose the reptile correctly. Not sure though.
Photojournalism
Rules: Rule of thirds
The boy is in the bottom left quadrant instead of the middle.
Lighting: Natural - Shadows are really soft. No bright reflections on the car or weird shadows meaning the sun lit the whole scene. The lighting wasn't too important though, the subject matter really made the photo.
To get this photo the photographer had to be extremely aware of what's going on. He had to quickly find composition that he liked, snap the photo, and then get away since he was in a place actively being bombed.